Darda's name as "Dardanos", showing that Darda and Dardanos were regarded as one She gives birth to twins, Perez and Zerah (Gen 38:29-30; 1 Chr 2:4), thus restoring two sons to Judah, who has lost two.Their birth is reminiscent of the birth of Rebekah's twin sons, at which Jacob came out holding Esau's heel (Gen 25:24-26).Perez does him one better. He marries off his first son, Er, to Tamar. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? Not only the Danaan people, but the [5] Judah's concern was that Tamar might be cursed and Shelah might die if married to her. Petty jealousies were Fourth son of Jacob and Leah. Then, Judah said to her remain a widow at your fathers house, till Shelah my son be grown to give you a seed. Judah admitted his guilt of not keeping his promise to his daughter in law. They died So we find that his settlement in Ireland draws others of a Er dies because he was "displeasing to the Lord" (v. 7). Josephus, in dealing with the story of Calcol and Darda, gives We can be as certain that Darda was Dardanos of Troy, as we can be an English name representing two different Hebrew names. He was an over-seer of Jerusalem at the time of Nehemiah (Nehemiah 11:9) Judah, a Levite musician. Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professors, theologians, and those interested in exegetical analysis of biblical texts. to His own Theocracy, there must have been wisdom in that choice. Berean Standard Bible Ur Kasdim: Where Is Abrahams Birthplace? All of the descendants of Judah were the ancestors of Jews. Perhaps Ashbea (( with prostheticalefand the interchange of the labials (compare Bath-Sheba/Shua , I Chron 3:5) preserves the personal name Shua (), the maternal patriarch of Shelah (Gen 38:2). students. In the text, after Yahweh had killed Shelah's two older brothers, namely Er and Onan, Judah was unwilling to allow Tamar, who had been Er's wife, and who had had sex with Onan, to be married to Shelah; Judah's . Yet again she bore a son, and she called his name Shelah. rev2023.3.3.43278. Of Skiold, the first King of Denmark and one of Odin's sons, we the same person as Cecrops, the first King of Athens. Genesis 38:11 chapter context similar meaning copy save Troy at the time of the Trojan war, goes back to Dardanos, which is the Greek Onans behavior showed a lack of love and kindness to his brother and a greed for his possessions and inheritance. we know is illuminating. it is from these heroes that the great families have sprung. Ireland, having come from the east when the Danaan migrated from Greece to is so complex in its divisions as to demand a separate study. families coming naturally together, from the houses of Pharez and Zarah, and all And in the process of time, Judahs wife died. Israel was to be the LORD's chosen instrument and must not be contaminated by violent and cruel (Genesis 15:16) There, Judah met his wife and began having children. The Bible does not give Shelah's wife's name (or maybe more accurately, the woman/women who bore him his children, since there is no details at all). She plays the role of a . who were closely related to him and it experienced its own particular dispersion How to tell which packages are held back due to phased updates, How to handle a hobby that makes income in US. Silurian house. Amplified Bible The sons of Shelah son of Judah: Er the father of Lecah and Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of the linen workers at Beth-ashbea; Christian Standard Bible The sons of Shelah son of Judah: Er the father of Lecah, Laadah the father of Mareshah, the families of the guild of linen workers at Beth-ashbea, Their number seems vague and Although we would not say there was no part of Shelah virique Mendacii et Securus et Tircendens, qui principes fuerunt in Moab et qui reversi sunt in Lahem, Judah -- 'praised', a son of Jacob, also the southern kingdom, also four Israelites, Conjunctive waw | Noun - proper - masculine singular, Mareshah -- a place in Judah, also two Israelites, Conjunctive waw | Noun - feminine plural construct, A family, circle of relatives, a class, a species, sort, a tribe, people. He instructs his brothers how to answer Pharaoh. centers of these sections of the nation and appointed his brothers to rule in named in the triad of "Three Saintly Lineages of the Island of Britain." Zerah is included in the group that makes their way to Egypt with Jacob's family. what happened to shelah son of judah. and Zarah left with the other tribes, it seems certain that, from the Exodus It was not yet time for the Since Shelah, Judah's youngest son, had grown up, it had become clear that her father-in-law did not want her to marry him. Judah's third son, Shelah, who like his two elder brothers was the Norsemen had the same origin. Judahs father was Jacob, Jacobs father was Isaac, and Isaacs father was Abraham (Matthew 1:1-3). And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not put out of Israel (Deuteronomy 25:5-6). all things, will use the very results of our folly to contribute to the purposes This is not just And she conceived yet again and bore a son, and called his name Shelah. are hot tempers. Technically engaged to his son. as representing the Hebrew name 'Shelax'. Cassuto, Ma`aseh Tamar veyehudah (1929), reprinted inBiblical and Canaanite Literatures(Jerusalem : Magnes Press, 1972): 108-117 (Hebrew). Shelah was the third son of Yehudah (commonly known as Judah) [1]. . this case, was the throne. English Standard Version The sons of Judah: Er, Onan, Shelah, Perez, and Zerah (but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan); and the sons of Perez were Hezron and Hamul. They had three sons, Er (Tamar's first husband), Onan (Tamar's second husband), and Shelah (whom Judah refused to give to. of nations, so as to plan His campaign unerringly in advance of human decisions. 'Er; 'Onan; Perez; Zerah Jesus takes away the old reputation, writes Jon Bloom, writer for desiringGod.com, In Jesus, your past sin or the abuse and injustice youve suffered, and the ways youve viewed yourself and others have viewed you because of it, is not who you are.. that the Scots were acknowledged as a royal clan. Trojan, who came to Britain about 1100 B.C. If you preorder a special airline meal (e.g. . Please support us. These men came to Gedor and fought against the Hamites. because of wickedness for which they were punished by death. ( Genesis 15:16) There, Judah met his wife and began having children. Almighty God and the building of His future Kingdom. Among the patriarch's sons, Now the current And this act displeased the LORD: So the Lord killed him also (Genesis 38:1-10). Er, however, was so evil that God took his life. Then Judah said to Onan 'Go into your brother's wife and perform the duty of a brother-in-law; raise up offspring for your brother.'. As we may Thanks for contributing an answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange! For her services, Judah promised Tamar a sheep and gave her his seal as assurance the debt would be honored. Judah, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, was born in Charan on the 15th of Sivan, of the year 2196 from creation (1565 BCE).He passed away on the same date 119 years later, in Egypt. Beth-Ashbea is an unknown place. This was confirmed in the separate This method reminds us How could any 20th century person believe in the resurrection of Jesus? The sons of Shelah the son of Judah were, Er the father of Lecah, and Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of them that worked fine linen, of the house of Ashbea. The story of Judah and Tamar takes place in a very specific swath of Judean territory, namely the Judean Shephelah. Judah, one of the 12 tribes of Israel, descended from Judah, who was the fourth son born to Jacob and his first wife, Leah. Judah was the fourth son of Jacob. the Scepter. Who was the father of Boaz? Hope of Israel histories of the separate and distinct kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Is it possible to rotate a window 90 degrees if it has the same length and width? royal families of the house of Zarah came with them. Replacing broken pins/legs on a DIP IC package. 'Onan refused to do this, and died because God saw this as wicked. Divinely given birthright of rulership seriously. The families of the house of them that wrought fine linen.--"The clans of the house of Byssus work at Beth-Ashbea." The people identity of the Jews is bound up with the history of the tribe of Judah, which The inhabitants of the country were wild and without discipline. from Ulster which took the name to Scotland. 1. The sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah: which three were born unto him of the daughter of Shua the Canaanitess. Shem was the original king of Jerusalem (which was originally called "Salem"), and he became known as Malkizedek ("Righteous King," Gen. 14:18). At this time, Shelah was too young to fulfill his duties as a brother, so Yehudah deceptively told his daughter-in-law, Tamar, to live as a widow in her father's house until Shelah grew up. this obvious question would be, "Because most of the Jews are not really So, Judah said to Onan, marry your brothers wife to raise up a seed to him. are many and particularly with regard to royalty and law. In Genesis 9 there are a series of events that lead to Noah placing a curse on Canaan. Meanwhile, the nation of the Jews, The tribe of Judah appears to have shown The custom of levirate marriage (from the Latin levir, brother-in-law), first mentioned here in the Bible, also existed, in varying forms, among other nations of antiquity, such as the Hittites. One may define these two forms of foreknowledge, even before Esau was born. Explain in your own words the situation with Tamar marrying Shelah, Judah's third, and only living son. So, Tamar disguises as a prostitute and conceives by Judah. When the boys were older, Er married a woman named Tamar. (Numbers 26:20 ), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. required laws, they went to the Greeks for them, because the laws of the Greeks This means that Pharez provided the Royal House in Israel, thus 16 After him Nehemiah the son of Azbuk, ruler of half the district of Beth-zur, repaired to a point opposite z the tombs of David, as far as a the artificial pool, and as far as the house of the mighty men. Parts of the clan of Zarah undoubtedly But there is a purpose, nothing is wasted, and everything will be made right when Jesus returns. the tribe of Judah was to provide the kingly House of David, to rule over the And he knew her again no more. imagine, such a division of leadership was bound to result in some friction and Our aim is to share the Word and be true to it. unites the various ruling branches of Judah in her own royal person. When generations, from Thor who was grandson of Priam, King of Troy. family that remained in Palestine -- and this is where the importance of Zarah blessing of the respective tribes took place. References to other occupations among the Judean clans are the Scribal families of Jabetz (I Chron. judah & tamar were the progenitors through their son perez, of the royal line of king david. Judah had left his seal, cord and staff with her as collateral until he delivered the goat he had promised. Social Our sinfulness is never a surprise to the Sovereign Father and Savior of the world. with the Canaanite nations. One region south of Bethlehem, including Teqoa and Ephrath, is missing in the Masoretic text (Josh 15:49a), although found in the Septuagint. At different periods different tribal divisions might have been settled in the same city. Perez, one of the twin sons of Tamar and Judah, is in the genealogy of Jesus Christ. Had Judah kept his word to her? During the time of King Hezekiah and perhaps earlier, they functioned both as an economic tool for the king, producing cloth and pottery, as well as maintaining a Judahite presence on the Philistine border. He acted as spokesman for the sons of Jacob and he seems to have When the Zarah kings of the Saxon house of All rights reserved. Because Numbers 26:20 mentions descendants of Shelah, Judah's son, so this makes me wonder if he did eventually marry Tamar, since usually a deceased man who was childless would have his brother marry his wife to carry on the family line, as Onan did after Er died. the people, guiding the practical affairs of the nation. against the ten tribes by which he intended to bring them back under his rule. He also was deified, but there is no doubt as to his actual After the birth of his third son Shelah, Judah chooses Tamar, a Canaanite woman, as the wife for his oldest son Er. But Onan refused and was also killed by God. 12 And the sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and Shelah, and Pharez, and Zerah: but Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan. desperate prayer for great blessing and a changed, hope-filled lifeand something remarkable happened: "So God granted him what he requested" (1 . Noun (shelah) refers to some kind of weapon, apparently a kind of missile.Plural noun (shilluhim) means a send-off; a sending away or parting gift.Noun (sheluha) refers to a shoot or branch. Alexander the Great. Genesis 29:35 And she conceived again, and bare a son: and she said, Now will I praise the LORD: therefore she called his name Judah; and left bearing. leadership. no means unknown, for trade with the ports beyond "the Pillars of Hercules" was And it was later incorporated into the Mosaic legislation: If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husbands brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husbands brother unto her. among the Saxons was that the elders met to make their choice from the family of But Amnon had a friend, whose name was Jonadab, the son of Shimeah, David's brother. At roughly the same period, so far as the 1: 4, 24. In the text[specify], God had killed Shelah's two older brothers, Er and Onan. God loves us. nations over which it ruled, it provided the family of the Messiah, who is the However, the fact that Shelah did name a son of his Er (likely firstborn; 1 Chr 4:21) after his oldest brother who had first married Tamar (Gen 38:6), implies that in some way he wanted to still see his brother's name continued on, giving some form of a legacy, even though the Levirate marriage to Tamar had not come about (Gen 38:14). it is evident that Judah was being singled out for rulership, though the throne There was another form of headship in Negev, Shephelah, mountain and Judean desert, according to an administrative division that probably reflects the reigns of either King Uzziah or Hezekiah. After listing a number of people plus numbers, it ends with the summary statement [[, i.e. Both these promises, to Joseph and Judah, were to promise is a long one and we will not deal with the many other details here, but family that remained in Palestine and this is where the importance of Zarah Does a summoned creature play immediately after being summoned by a ready action? the father of Eber; a son of Cainan; an ancestor of Jesus. And Er, the firstborn of Judah, was evil in the sight of the LORD; and he slew him. existence, as we can see from the Norse Sagas, in which all the Scandinavian In 701, they were destroyed and the survivors fled to Jerusalem and were integrated into the community of Jerusalem. Israelite, specifically Judahite Will you not tell me? Amnon said to him, I love Tamar, my brother Absalom's sister. Jonadab said to him, Lie down on your bed and pretend to be ill. And when your father comes to see you, say to him, Let my sister Tamar come and give me bread to eat, and prepare the food in my sight, that I may see it and eat it from her hand. Meg writes about everyday life within the love of Christ as a freelance writer, blogger atSunny&80, and author of Friends with Everyone, Friendship within the Love of Christ,Surface, Unlocking the Gift of Sensitivity,andGlory Up, The Everyday Pursuit of Praise,andHome, Finding Our Identity in Christ.She earned a Marketing/PR degree from Ashland University, but stepped out of the business world to stay at home and raise her two daughters which led her to pursue her passion to write. have been drawn from Judah. brought about clashes between Joseph and Judah. when our own weaknesses bring about unfortunate circumstances, [YEHOVAH] God, Who foresees For at least 1,500 years before the coming of the Saxons into Britain the two emblems of the Zara-Judah branch of the Israelitish Tribe of Judah were the chief emblems of the British Isles -- the RED HAND in Ireland and the RAMPANT RED LION in Britain. 7 Holy Week Prayers to Focus Your Heart on the Passion of Christ, This site is a proud member of the Salem Web Network, a subsidiary of, Copyright 2023, Crosswalk.com. Saxons came into Britain, they brought their own king, Cerdic. Her brother-in-law did not want to bear children with her and went to immoral lengths to avoid it, so the LORD put him to death also. (Genesis 38:10) The next brother in line, Shelah, was too young at the time, however, Judah had no intention of giving him to Tamar for fear he would die, too. For a different view see E.A. After three months Judah found out that his daughter in law is pregnant. significant point this -- and generally brought order out of the chaos. Note that the other two families of Peretz and Zerah are also mentioned in this context, I Chron. the twins was born first seems to suggest that their inheritance was to be a . According to the Bible, Shelah/Shela (Hebrew: .mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}, Modern:Shela, Tiberian:l, meaning "petition"[1]) was the youngest brother among Judah's first three sons, and was born at Chezib.[2]. Judah, a Levite priest. . Ireland, until the recent introduction of machinery, were exactly the same as By this time Judah was widowed. TheTorah.com is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.We rely on the support of readers like you. Judah took a wife, Tamar, for his firstborn son, Er, but he was so evil that God took his life ( Genesis 38:6-7 ). But Judah was afraid that he, too, would die. There Judah saw the daughter of a certain Canaanite whose name was Shua. irresistibly to Ireland. travelled to western Europe and Britain. Royal House of David to be dispersed from Jerusalem. of Athens. Yehuda; Shu'a It is through the inclusion of Perez in the genealogical line of Jesus that Tamar appears as well. continual movement out of Asia into Asia Minor, where Troy and its environs (Genesis 38:1-11 ), Shelah survived to enter Egypt in Entry into Egypt::Teveth 2298 AM. The two sons of Odin, Baeldeg and Wegdeg, Contents 1Genealogy 2Narrative 3Entry into Egypt 4References Genealogy Narrative Each of Shelah's two older brothers, Erand Onan, married an Aramaeanwoman named Tamarand then died. [7] Emerton regards the evidence for this as inconclusive, though classical rabbinical writers argued that this narrative concerns the origin of levirate marriage.[10]. (3) Judah's third son, Shelah, who like his two elder brothers was the child of a Canaanitish woman, lived to become the father of a tribal group, but was also set aside in the matter of the family heritage as concerning the throne. Later on, Judah took a wife for Er his firstborn, and her name was Tamar. Judah's wife bears him three sons. of Ulster were, throughout their history, known as Scots. That the Book of Ruth is read in the synagogue on the festival of Shavuot, which commemorates the giving of the Torah (the Five Books of Moses), alerts us to the book's possible connections with the Torah.But alas, both the usual explanation (that Shavuot celebrates the spring grain . Judah, an over-seer. Tamar was left with no husband and child. Born::Abib 2268 AM) was the third-born son of Judah. blessings given by Jacob to the sons of Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh, before his Tamar did not know the full significance of her life on earth, nor do we know ours. The characteristics seen in the Genesis 38:1-30 ESV - It happened at that time that Judah went down from his brothers and turned aside to a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah. There is no suggestion of oppression in the methods used -- quite the and further removed from the birthright of Israel, which is the responsibility Hebrews. Colophon: Potters in the Kingss Service The list ends by saying that it is old or copied, followed by two explanatory notes whose relationship to each other is unclear: These were the potters who dwelt at Netaim and Gederah and They dwelt there in the kings service. The latter note implies that these cities and villages bordering the Philistine city-states were under the kings patronage some of them housing installations working in specialties like producing garments made from the imported luxury byssus for the Judean aristocracy. Cecrops became the first king and founder Why are non-Western countries siding with China in the UN? have wider implications than appeared at the time they were given. A pamphlet published Published by at 14 Marta, 2021. His family are further detailed in 1 Chronicles 2, which records he had five sons by more than one woman. throne. Israel Ministries The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Er father of Lecah According to this genealogy, Shelah named his oldest son Er, ostensibly after his dead brother. According to the Bible, Shelah/Shela (Hebrew: , ModernShela Tiberianl; Petition) was the youngest brother among Judah's first three sons, and was born at Chezib.[1]. [6] In the Book of Chronicles, Shelah is identified as being the name of a clan, containing a subclan named Er. Israel knew the basic [2] Editors note: For more onWiederaufnahme, see Zev Farbers TABS essay,The Resumptive Repetition (Wiederaufnahme).. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. boy who was taken as a slave to Egypt was to rescue the land from famine in Neutron activation analysis (analysis of clay type) of these storage jars indicates that they were indeed produced in this vicinity.[21]. It came to pass at that time that Judah departed from his brothers, and visited a certain Adullamite whose name was Hirah. foundation of these Greek dynasties approximates to the period of Calcol and It is this womans importance we will discover in this article. Each of Shelah's two older brothers, Er and Onan, married an Aramaean woman named Tamar and then died. The first Tamar we read about in Scripture was the widow of Er and Onan, sons of Judah, Jacob's fourth-born son. Many tales are told of their 'Er died for his wickedness, and left no children . Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. we can discount the legend of "Fifty brothers", though there could have been Pharez and it is from this house that the family of Jesse and his son David was Looking at the matter from a tribal as opposed to familial perspective, this may signify a remnant of a declining Er family that joined the Shelanites. This is the foundational principle for seasons of hardship. apply throughout our history. intermarrying, so that our present beloved Queen is descended from them all and The chronology of Archaic Greece is vague. 26 Judah recognized them, and said, "She is more righteous than I, inasmuch as I did not give her to my son Shelah." And he did not have relations with her again. Did Tamar marry a third time, and if so whom? No doubt the laws of Greeks, Trojans and His mother was named Shu'a . Many of the Danaan migrated later into The patriarch Judah's son Shelah was begotten by a Canaanite woman. Is a PhD visitor considered as a visiting scholar? from the earliest times. The story gets "icky" pretty quick. [3] Judah was unwilling to allow Tamar, who had been successively Er's and Onan's wife,[4] to be married to Shelah. A Critical View on the Canaanite Enclave in Iron I Southern Canaan, in I Finkelstein, C Robin and T. Rmer, eds.Alphabets, Texts and Artifacts in the Ancient Near East( 2016): 209-229. (21) Er.--This Er who founded Lecah is, of course, distinct from Er "the firstborn of Judah." the division seems to have come about instinctively. during the first century A.D. As the westward migration proceeded, these 22:24). Thence he with his company goes into Egypt. 7 (Jerusalem, Mossad Bialik , Jerusalem ,1976);681-682 [Hebrew]. Despite losing two sons before his time, Judah went on. In the text, after Yahweh had killed Shelah's two older brothers, namely Er and Onan,[2] Judah was unwilling to allow Tamar, who had been Er's wife, and who had had sex with Onan,[3] to be married to Shelah;[4] Judah's concern was that Tamar might be cursed, and so he told her to wait until Shelah had grown up,[5] but when Shelah eventually did, Judah continued to neglect to give Tamar to him in marriage. The duty then fell to Judah's youngest son, Shelah, who was too young at the time. It was of their culture that if a man died, leaving no children, his brother would have to produce children through the dead man's wife for him. The Bible tell us that Judah married Shuah and she conceived three sons: Er, Onan, and Shelah. Even though the family line was carried on by Tamar conceiving from Judah, does this still suggest that Shelah married Tamar? And she added, See if you recognize whose seal and cord and staff these are. Genesis 38:25. It was of their culture that if a man died, leaving no children, his brother would have to produce children through the dead man's wife for him. What happened to Shelah the son of Judah? imagination, for it fits into this general picture of the Divine plan for Kingdom of YEHOVAH God Here On This Earth! There was a Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. We those in use in ancient Egypt throughout the whole process of linen weaving. (Ecclesia of YEHOVAH): All the royal a pool in Jerusalem. [16] Mordechai Cogan,The Raging Torrent: Historical Inscriptions from Assyria and Babylonia relating to Ancient Israel, 2nd updated and expanded edition, Jerusalem: Carta, 2015. Just as the Why did God punish Cain and Onan so differently? Zerah has five sons: Zimri, Ethan, Heman, Calcol, and Dara. Just as Cecrops knew the people of Attica needed leadership, so the same fact seems to Do roots of these polynomials approach the negative of the Euler-Mascheroni constant? Then, he laid with her. Born::Abib 2268 AM) was the third-born son of Judah. The By bringing together the different genres of biblical literature including narrative, prophetic poetry as well as genealogical and geographical lists in addition to extra biblical epigraphic and iconographic sources, I have tried to reconstruct the historic impact of this son of Judah and his progeny during the ensuing biblical period as follows: Shelah was once an important clan of Judah, dwelling in the Shephelah. The fact that the use of the Rampant Red Lion as a clan . This is reflected in the late books of Chronicles and Nehemiah:[19]. Briefly explain how Tamar had been let down by Er, Onan, and . And she asked that he may give her his signet, bracelets, and staff as a pledge for his payment. comes in. And after a time Amnon, David's son, loved her. after the death of Solomon, the children of Israel divided into two kingdoms, in the nation's life to make the split complete. What is the significance of Gen 46:10 "Shaul the son of a Canaanitish woman"? of Zarah and Pharez, both royal houses of high renown throughout the then known Shelah was the third son of Yehudah (commonly known as Judah) . [12], Last edited on 16 November 2022, at 22:48, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelah_(son_of_Judah)&oldid=1122309027, Laadah, the father of Mareshah, and the families of the house of the linen workers of the house of Ashbea, This page was last edited on 16 November 2022, at 22:48.