To apply an ice massage, freeze a plastic foam cup of water. 1. 5 Surgical And Other Treatment Options For Thumb Arthritis, 8 Things You Should Know About Complex Or Revision Knee Replacement Surgery, Laser Procedure Promises To Cure Cellulite In One Treatment. Bruising of buttock region occurs either by falling down on the buttock or due to direct blow. I am asking if this is something that requires medical attention or just probably part from falling and will go away eventually. Ice packs for 15 minutes every 3-4 hours while awake should help keep the swelling down. Please if anyone has any idea or knowledge of this or can help me in any way I'm at my final end of reaching out, I don't know what to do anymore. 20MB size. Answer (1 of 4): Just let it go away. Applying ice to the injury site can help relieve pain and inflammation. 1. poss cause of being worse? The weekend after Thanksgiving 2010, I slipped coming down my stairs at the house. What now? Hematoma Facts. A hematoma, also spelled haematoma, or blood suffusion is a localized bleeding outside of blood vessels, due to either disease or trauma including injury or surgery and may involve blood continuing to seep from broken capillaries.A hematoma is benign and is initially in liquid form spread among the tissues including in sacs between tissues where it may coagulate and solidify before blood is . When a bone is broken, fractured or even shattered it can rip apart muscle . In people, especially the elderly, who take blood thinners or anti-platelet medications (aspirin or clopidogrel), falls are a common cause of trauma and hematoma formation. which can take a month or two to resolve CT of the abdomen is a good test if a hematoma in the abdominal cavity (intra-abdominal, hepatic, splenic, retroperitoneal. Fell, and hit my elbow, arm hard. Draining such hematomas can save the overlying nail. So far there have been no negative side effects. I am swollen and I constantly am sitting with my weight on my left side and sleeping that way too. You may use this service to consult a specialty or for getting medical second opinion. It is also possible to develop chronic subdural hemorrhage. Member, American Society of Plastic Surgery to change further after a TWO YEAR time period..seek advice from a Board Certified Dermatologist (Suggest. My hematocrit dropped nearly 10 points from a normal hematocrit of about 43-44% to 35%. Generally speaking, your hematoma should be removed and once you heal you can get fat transfer in order to improve the shape of your buttocks. There are currently only two ways withsafe and proven results to get a butt augmentation. I have had this large hematoma on my back for a month from a fall. COLON CANCER. CASE REPORT An Some physicians recommend that you rest a lower limb that has hematoma, such as your leg, for at least 48 hours. The service should not be used for medical emergencies. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. Only after a thorough examination you will get more information and recommendations.Daniel Barrett, MD Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. I thought I had broke the bone in my leg but Ot eventually began healing. Member, American Society of Plastic Surgery I wish he would go ahead and surgically remove itI would be so much better off. Dr. Nazhat Sharma answered. Muscle injury - physiopathology, diagnosis, treatment and clinical presentation. Skin surgery: Prevention and treatment of complications. Direct fall onto the buttocks and hip hyperextension have been reported as causative mechanisms of injuries as in the case presented here [4,5]. I have a hematoma on my buttocks from a severe fall almost two years ago. Hello,I've taken the Ibuprofen for four days, like you said, but it's still the same. Fernandes TL, Pedrinelli A, Hernandez AJ. For certain small and symptom-free hematomas, no medical treatment may be necessary. Think a loved one may be experiencing hearing loss? All paid services come with a MEDNET quality assurance and 100% money back guarantee. Don't wrap it too tight! Exercises can be started once the patient is pain free. 500 results found. To heal a hematoma, rest your affected limb for the first 24-72 hours after developing the hematoma, depending on how severe it is. What Causes Tingling or Itching in Anus & How to Get Rid of it? A bruise, also known as a contusion, typically appears on the skin after trauma such as a blow to the body. Good luck :). He was performing a life insurance physical on me and I noticed he had a cane. After a fall have a large hematoma on my thigh. over a year ago, Tom Learn how we can help. Hematomas are commonly due to injuries or trauma in the area. It may be a little smaller, but not by much. l recommend you to make an appointment with a board certified plastic surgeon to talk about your goals and anything you need to know. A butt bruise most often results in pain and visible discoloration of the skin at the injury site. I believe I had a hematoma from the injury and now years later I still have a decent sized lump that's purplish in color near the center. Subdural hematoma in adults: Management and prognosis. X http://drryanstanton.com/procedure/buttock-augmentation/. Money back guarantee for the 1st reply. ; Subdural hematoma: This occurs underneath the dura mater. Thanks for the question and provided information as well. The price for a gluteal augmentation can vary from patient to patient, however pricing ranges from $9000-$11,000 which includes anesthesia, hospital, and surgeon fees. If I knew of a quick fix, like an in office draining of the hematoma, I would jump at it. Copyright 2023 by RxList Inc. RxList does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Prevention of all hematomas is not entirely possible. over a year ago. HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. If you develop new, unexplained bruising, these could be a sign of another medical issue. 3.8k views Answered >2 years ago. Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. If bruising is severe, a diagnostic ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI of your hip may be performed to determine if there is damage to any underlying structures. It is quite unlikely that your Filshie clips could come off after your fall or after any kind of pelvic or abdominal trauma. Return to normal activities as directed. Lighting Generally speaking, your hematoma should be removed and once you heal you can get fat transfer in order to improve the shape of your buttocks. This article was medically reviewed by Victor Catania, MD. A hematoma is just a bruise, lasts linger on the buttocks but will eventually dissipate. Its still there. The feedback link Was this Article Helpful on this page can be used to report content that is not accurate, up-to-date or questionable in any manner. I will advise you an anti-inflammatory medicine. This could be a hematoma. My left side is now "worn out" from my weight bearing on it for almost 2 months. If you adhere to my post op recommendations of avoiding pressure on your buttocks and hips for 6 weeks, I allow my patients unrestricted sitting afterwards. liver tests may be useful in evaluating a person with a hematoma and assessing any underlying conditions, and evaluating whether these are responsible for the hematoma formation. ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code S06.5X0A [convert to ICD-9-CM] Traumatic subdural hemorrhage without loss of consciousness, initial encounter. over a year ago, Gemma . aspirin. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. After 4 weeks of pain and not being able to sit I insisted on going to surgeon for 2nd opinion. By Kristen Gasnick, PT, DPT CT of abdomen/pelvis showed right gluteal haematoma measuring approximately 9.25.58.8 cm with surrounding subcutaneous fat stranding ( figure 1B,C ). I now have a drain for another five days and then hopefully I will be done with this. There isnt much to do about fat necrosis. Please note, we cannot prescribe controlled substances, diet pills, antipsychotics, or other abusable medications. can i drink alcohol? A hematoma is a collection of blood. Please let me know if you have any queries. over a year ago, Mechelle Unless the mass is bothersome it may be better to leave it in place. Certain medical conditions such as hemophilia, blood cancers and liver disease increase the risk of developing hematomas. Your body may break down and absorb a mild hematoma on its own. Butt bruises are generally mild injuries that do not require more involved treatment. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. If youre experiencing a medical issue, please contact a healthcare professional or dial 911 immediately. Daniel Barrett, MD % of people told us that this article helped them. Hematoma that results from trauma due to heavy physical work or contact sports is less preventable unless such activities are stopped or modified to reduce the risk of trauma and injury. The hematoma grew to about the size of 1/2 a watermelon! Conversely, if a subdural hematoma is thought to be symptom-free and chronic, it may be left alone and monitored occasionally by imaging studies (CT scan). You can treat this at home with rest (exercise as tolerated) and ice . I had an auto accident back on July 30th. I live in pain and cannot sleep at all at night. This condition is often caused by a body injury that causes blood vessels to rupture and bleed. A hematoma is a collection of blood that has escaped a damaged blood vessel or vein. A hematoma is the result of a traumatic injury to your skin or the tissues underneath your skin. It bruised very badly worse than I've ever seen. After looking on line I found people with similar falls with dents and lumps that said they never went away and were left with noticeable deformities that needed cosmetic surgery or drainage. Sprained Ankle vs. In my hands, approximately 80% of this fat is usable for transfer. A hematoma that forms under the skin will feel like a bump or hard mass. low back achy. Slurred speech. Subdural hematoma is usually caused by a head injury, such as from a fall, motor vehicle collision, or an assault. People who take medications such as Coumadin (warfarin), Plavix (clopidogrel), aspirin, Persantine (dipyridamole)), or aspirin-containing products (like Alka Seltzer) may develop a hematoma much easier and with less severe injury to their blood vessels than other people. 3. For example, if a person with a hematoma is on a blood thinner medication for another condition, the treating doctor may opt to discontinue or even reverse the blood thinner, depending on the individual situation. Individuals with the following conditions are potentially at a higher risk for hematomas: Symptoms of a hematoma generally depend on its size and location. But since you are on realself and your areasking surgeons,I assume your asking about plastic surgery options. A butt bruise is generally a mild injury that heals on its own with time and rest. Here's What to Do Instead. Generally I would avoid any high contact activities. over a year ago, Dana L Craniotomy. Rest And Stay Motionless. Gently wrap an ACE or compression bandage around the injured area. Not much pain now, so you need to see a surgeon. I have the same problem due to a car accident 7 years ago. $35 for typical specialist consult vs. $120 for a local appointment. Skin bruises can also be called contusions. How Long do Hematomas take to heal. Actually I can't even sit for too long either because the same thing happens. Ice Therapy. Occasionally, a hematoma may happen spontaneously without any identifiable cause or recollection of any specific injury or trauma. Which then he referred me toPhysical Medicine & Rehabilitation, the doctor scheduled me to go for an MRI which there results were."The MRI only shows some scar tissue in your thigh--no hematoma, no fluid, no muscle injuries." I fell of my bike and got labial hematoma. Our articles are resourced from reputable online pages. Spinal subdural hematomas are more common in patients: Symptoms of a spinal subdural hematoma include local or radiating back pain and abdominal tenderness. I landed on my left buttocks (full impact) & the site bruised immediatley with a hematoma the size of a baseball. Drowning and submersion after fall into bathtub, undetermined intent. I have a large hematoma on my hip/buttock from a bike fall over two weeks ago. I'm not sure a flight can necessarily affect the splenic hematoma in a good or bad way. Well, I think that you should go to see your doctor. Hematoma developed over time with hard mass and dent adjacent to mass. The body will reabsorb the blood and can be assisted with heat and gentle exercise. What is the medical treatment for a hematoma? Thanks! Symptoms can develop and change within minutes or within a couple of hours. Options include: Surgical drainage. Ice, elevation, and rest may be helpful. This can happen because the hematoma can spread in relatively free space without pressing on any organs to cause pain or other symptoms. or should i start looking into other options l. Wife had minor fall frm bike & slight pain in buttocks/waist.pain aggravated with time&diagnosd koch's spine.r they relatd?can accidnt cause infectn? to [emailprotected], if you would like to upload more. I fell through an open hole and left buttock caught me. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK253/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470338/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3856299/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5367875/, Myofascial Pain in Buttock Muscles: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, PT, Exercises, Perineal Pain or Perineum Pain: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery, Diagnosis, Pathophysiology. If the blood is in one area and has changed from a solid clot to a liquid, your doctor might create a small hole in your skull and use suction to remove the liquid. A BBL and Butt Implants. no sciatica. A hematoma may form in a muscle or in the tissues just under the skin. A butt bruise, or gluteal contusion, is an injury to the glute muscles of the buttocks. To learn more, please visit our, to change further after a TWO YEAR time period..seek advice from a Board Certified Dermatologist (Suggest. Pain, swelling, redness, and disfiguring bruises are common symptoms of hematoma in general. In your case, the gluteal area has a large bump that has not resolved. can it be drained? Should the gluteal injury be due to a direct blow or fall, resulting in a contusion, treatment aims to decrease the inflammation in the area. If your bruising is severe, make sure to see your healthcare provider to determine if any other injuries to underlying structures, including muscle or tendon tears, are present. Deformed buttock due to injury - plastic surgery? Unfortunately, without pictures, it is very difficult to give you a proper answer. MBBS from Sri Ramachandra University in December 2011. I have seen some of these hematomas Hematomas are caused by traumas such as car accidents, head injuries, falls, aneurysms and bone fractures. You may need to avoid putting any weight on your hip for at least 48 hours. Certified, American Board of Plastic Surgery In particular, younger children are more prone to bumping their heads, causing a small egg-shaped swelling in the area of injury. Apply Warm. I went to my doctor who said to wait and see if it went away. My left butt cheek became severely bruised, much worse the second day. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. 2. buttocks pain, leg pain. For example, pain from a hematoma can be treated with pain medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol). In general, the outlook for hematoma is favorable, and most times they do not lead to serious illness or disability. All rights reserved. Elderly people and individuals who are on anticoagulation drugs like Coumadin are more prone to such bruises. Weve got a crash course on metabolism basics. It has become hardened. A bruise is a type of hematoma. Boyfriend in several pain and can't move, can't afford hospital. If your tailbone injury is a bruise, healing takes about 4 weeks. Seek the advice of a board certified plastic surgeon to determine if drainage is required. When a hematoma appears on a leg, it is generally because of an injury (physical trauma, like a blow or fall) to the leg, in which the skin was not broken. What Is The Treatment For People Born Without Tear Ducts? Wearing protective gear is very helpful in the event if anyone is suffering from bruised buttock or buttock contusion. For example, a hematoma under a nail (subungual hematoma) can simply occur from minor trauma to the nail or from a light stroke against an object. However, depending on the situation tests including. In this unique and fascinating report from Missouri Medicine, world-renowned expert Dr. Raymond Moody examines what really happens when we almost die. Rare frequent outbreaks of herpes. Hematoma is generally defined as a collection of blood outside of blood vessels. You can take this medication every 12 hours as needed for pain and swelling. Rev Bras Ortop. no insurance, burning in left buttock. Interested to help patients online? Surgery for normal pressure hydrocephalus, Numb Sensation Over Front Of Thigh - Meralgia Paraesthetica. I'm 26 years old and far too young to have to live with this the rest of my life. Patients usually complain of severe hip pain after a fall, mimicking femoral neck fracture. Ice helps prevent tissue damage and decreases swelling and pain. However, if you have any of the following symptoms, it is better to see a doctor:- Pain and restriction of hip movements- Numbness/tingling anywhere on the same side lower limb- Pain in the affected area even on restPresence of any of these symptoms indicate the lump to be a hematoma (collection of blood) which is compressive, within the gluteus maximus muscle. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). The bump is still super hard and painful in spots that I touch. There is a spa in Miami who is performing this vacuum therapy. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) is a very effective pain reliever and anti-inflammatory medication. Hematomas can also happen deep inside the body where they may not be visible. If a person experiences trauma and develops symptoms such as confusion, intense headache, uneven pupils, or other neurological signs, seek immediate medical care. Examination of a hematoma includes a physical inspection along with a comprehensive medical history. It was surgically removed after seven months. Severe Hematoma on Buttocks After a Fall. A low back MRI revealed a large herniated disc (his back hurt some, but most of his attention was on the butt pain). The bruising is much better. It is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as medical advice or a diagnosis of any health or fitness problem, condition or disease; or a recommendation for a specific test, doctor, care provider, procedure, treatment plan, product, or course of action. Even the fat necrosis may soften the decrease in size. To learn more, please visit our. Breaking of the small blood vessels that are present in the buttock region often results in bleeding beneath the skin of the buttock region. It basically looks like a permanent bruise and parts of it is indented and parts of it sticks out, there are sections of it that are completely numb and others that hurt so bad everyday with sharp pains and constant aching. It occurs when the small veins and capillaries under the skin break. Do not inject steroids. Common Causes of Slip and Fall Injuries. I have a huge hematoma on my hip from a fall 18 days ago. Kristen Gasnick, PT, DPT, is a medical writer and a physical therapist at Holy Name Medical Center in New Jersey. Detailed Second Opinion with Recommendations & Answers. Location, symptoms, and size of a hematoma are the typical factors that determine its proper follow-up. I just had it removed surgically and had to be put under, which I did not want to do. Answer: Fall with buttock dent and hematoma . The presence of symptoms and location of the hematoma generally dictate what type of procedure is needed and how urgently it needs to be done. Some symptoms specific to the location of a hematoma are: Sometimes there are not any symptoms at all associated with even a very large hematoma. Herniated disk at l-11due to a fall in 2015. it is worse have had reg treatments. ", https://www.drugs.com/cg/hematoma-aftercare-instructions.html, https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/tw4354spec, https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=zx4360, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21183-subdural-hematoma, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/intracranial-hematoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20356145, https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001412.htm, https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000781.htm, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/subdural-haematoma/treatment/, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15235-bruises. In this case, 88% of readers who voted found the article helpful, earning it our reader-approved status. Most surgeons would probably not intervene on the hematoma. Be patient, they resolve very slowly but heal very nicely. More significant injuries take a longer time to heal, and may require physical therapy to build up strength and range of motion if muscle function is affected. I have had this large hematoma on my back for 2 months from a fall. X-ray is required only when tailbone fracture or pelvic fracture is suspected. Treating a superficial hematoma is similar to the treatment used for other soft tissue injuries. Also, during the first 48 hours, ice the area for 20 minutes several times a day to help reduce pain and swelling. What Can Cause Buttock Pain and How Can It Treated? Speak with the Social Worker to help you get set up with the ACA to pay for the care. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Rehabilitation through physical therapy may be needed for more significant injuries to restore muscle function. sneezing makes me almost fall. I know what you people are going thru and I also cannot believe a hematoma of this nature. Doctors typically provide answers within 24 hours. Furthermore, a subungual hematoma with severe discomfort can be drained through the nail to allow the blood to drain from the space between the nail and the underlying tissue. Hematoma on the upper left calf, and 2 months later pain is much worse. Keep your limb wrapped with a compression bandage for a week to prevent swelling. I don't know how much longer I can suffer with this. see pic. Depending on the location of the hematoma, a mass or lump can sometimes be felt. Regards. If you do not have any of the above mentioned symptoms, then you can apply a warm/hot compress over the lump. Muscle injury - physiopathology, diagnosis, treatment and clinical presentation. MEDNET Quality Board. Shahab62283. This article does not provide medical advice. ADD REPORTS/IMAGES (5 max, 20MB max each, Can be added/emailed later). When should I seek medical care for a hematoma? Dizziness. how do you know when a hematoma needs to be drained? Approved. Bruising on the buttocks is a difficult area to treat. BBL can be useful in not only enhancing your buttocks or hips, but also permanently removing unwanted fat from any area of the body. My primary doctor doesn't seem to know and rushes me out everytime, he did refer me to see an orthopedic. Member, American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. The exact causes of seromas are not clear, but they are common in the breast area of people who have undergone surgery to . If they are large, liquefied and easy to drain then getting that blood out can be helpful. it is the size of a soft ball. Never heard of it going on this long. A hematoma can result from an injury to any type of blood vessel (artery, vein, or small capillary). An acute subdural or epidural hemorrhage to your brain can develop over a period of minutes or hours. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. By using this Site you agree to the following, By using this Site you agree to the following, Lower back pain, buttocks pain, both legs, aching pain, swelling, Can a lipoma on my elbow burst and cause high fever and diarrhea, The Best IOL for 2022 RXSight Light Adjusted Lens, Will refractive surgery such as LASIK keep me out of glasses all my life, Near-Death Experiences: An Essay in Medicine & Philosophy, 5 Signs Your Loved One May Be Suffering From Hearing Loss. He received his MD from the Medical University of the Americas in 2012 and completed his residency in Family Medicine at the Robert Packer Hospital. Most commonly, hematomas are caused by an injury to the wall of a blood vessel, prompting blood to seep out of the blood vessel into the surrounding tissues. 2012-2020 - DoctorSpring. I have a very large, painful hematoma on my buttocks from a fall. Forceful impact to a muscle causes damage to muscle fibers and underlying blood vessels, resulting in bleeding underneath the skin. Broken Ankle: What Are the Differences? Hold the cup and place a cloth or paper towel over the affected limb, then apply ice. Wrap the affected area with a compression bandage to control swelling. I guess it troubles my vanity. Doctor Spring is a novel online Doctor consultation platform where you can get your medical questions answered by leading Doctors. On the other hand, a large leg hematoma that had been opened and drained may be observed within a few days to ensure expected improvement. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Compression can be achieved by using elastic bandages, and elevation of the injured area above the level of the heart is recommended. Bruised buttocks are also called as buttock contusion, butt bruise, bruised butt and buttock bruise. A butt bruise is usually diagnosed through a physical examination as it is generally easy to diagnose based on physical appearance, symptoms, and type of injury. Hematoma are caused from trauma, normally through an accident or injury using a large force. Is it best to cut out mass to get contour back or fat graft and lipo mass? Such a hematoma may also occur after a surgery is performed in the area. Children are also at risk to develop hematomas frequently due to falls and minor injuries. Now I have a fluid sac at my elbow. However, while this was the "low hanging fruit," he also had evidence on exam of sciatica (pinched S1 nerve in his back). I had an intense fall which left my right buttock badly bruised.i now have a large hematoma at the site of the bruise.should i be concerned. You should have this checked to ma Hopefully you applied ice to the area after the fall. There isn't any noticeable pain, slight pain if I were to squeeze the area. I had an intense fall which left my right buttock badly bruised.i now have a large hematoma at the site of the bruise.should i be concerned. While dead muscle and other cells are removed and rebuilt. The bruising has subsided but there is still a bump on the tip of my cheekbone about a 1/4 inch in length width and thickness. how do you know when a hematoma needs to be drained? Prompt management of hematomas is important to ensure proper wound healing and prevent infection. Hold the cup and place a cloth or paper towel over the affected limb, then apply ice. Reports. Have hip pain in both hips following a fall that occurred 5 days ago. 8 First Aid Kit Essentials for Scrapes, Cuts, Bug Bites, and More. Well, There are several ways. But usually over time, the dent will be refilled with surplus fat cells again. Please email files I am uncomfortable and in pain every single day of my life. Hematoma is a condition in which the blood accumulates beneath the skin. Blood & Blood Vessel (Vascular) Disorders, I am now once again seeking help to try to find the answers and help I need. 2. It is very unlikely that suctioning can grow tissue permanently, especially in 45 minutes. Hematoma is generally defined as a collection of blood outside of blood vessels. Hematoma After Fall Cmalone. Hematomas. A bruise is the damage of the blood vessels that return blood to the heart (the capillaries and veins), which causes pooling of the blood. hurts from the sheer weight of it, drawing down my leg and my back is hurting carrying this around. Big hematoma a can become infected and hide deeper bone injuries. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. If you have a bleeding disorder, avoid taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs, including aspirin, as these medications can interfere with blood platelets and prolong your bleeding. And then she referred me to start physical therapy at another place. Severe hematoma of the buttock following a gluteal compartment syndrome due to a vascular injury. Most commonly, hematomas are caused by an injury to the wall of a blood vessel, prompting blood to seep out of the blood vessel into the surrounding tissues. It is secondary to injury. aspirin-containing products (Alka Seltzer). Guest Hi, thank you for sharing your question.