This chart shows the relationship between school attendance and hours worked using micro data (i.e. Rosati, F., Rossi, M. (2003);9 10). The chart here, from Hilowitz (2004)12, shows a diagrammatic classification of child labour (shaded region) depending on age and type of work. ILO-IPEC, Marking progress against child labour – Global estimates and trends 2000-2012 / International Labour Office, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) – Geneva: ILO, 2013. Liverpool University Press. Since census results typically capture data from households, this often limits coverage to children who live within a family household. However, trends are encouraging on the whole, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where the problem is most acute. Regarding gaps in empirical research, it is important to highlight the lack of robust evidence speaking to the consequences of child labour on future outcomes – such as the working children’s subsequent health and earnings in adulthood. As pointed out before, most UN reports publish global child labour estimates for custom age brackets, and only sometimes break down estimates by gender and type of work (including distinctions for ‘light work’, ‘hazardous work’, etc.). It plots school attendance rates for children 10–14 against total hours worked in the last week (by type of work) with 95 percent confidence intervals (labeled CI and plotted in lighter shades). A similar pattern can also be seen in the data if we look at aggregates: In countries where children tend to work longer hours, it is more common that working children remain out of school. This is shown in the scatter chart. The surveys also collect hours in the last week for work in domestic chores and in the household business. No. The Current State of Child Labor. CENSUS DATA on Child Labour Census Data To view the State-wise Distribution of Working Children according to 1971,1981, 1991 and 2001 Census in the age group 5-14 years World Bank Economic Review 20, 31–54. Nonetheless, regardless of discrepancies between these two sources, the trends tell a consistent story: the share of economically active children in the world has been going down for decades. While these studies can be criticized on the grounds of the validity of the instrumental variables used, they seem to agree on the fact that there is a stronger association between child labour and schooling than the raw data would suggest. These studies tend to rely on country-specific survey data. They make up more than 10 percent of the labour force in some countries in the Middle East and from 2 to 10 percent in much of Latin America and some parts of Asia. Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). While these estimates are informative about child labour, they cannot be linked directly to those of children in employment published by the ILO IPEC for the period 2000-2012 due to issues of comparability; specifically, the IPEC and EPEAP estimates discussed above rely on different survey instruments covering a different set of countries, and break up the relevant population in different age brackets. Child labour was not an invention of the Industrial Revolution. In terms of recent developments, global trends show a significant reduction in child labour over the last couple of decades. As we can see, average hours worked by children vary widely across countries, even at similar levels of GDP per capita. This visualization (Figure 9 in Marking Progress Against Child Labour (2013)) shows a breakdown of 2012 global estimates of child labour by employment status. A related research question for which there is little robust empirical evidence is whether child labor is the result of ‘agency problems’ – namely, whether children work because parents fail to fully consider the tradeoffs and costs that work has on their children. The body of literature is thin and the econometric results tend to be fragile because of difficulties to establish causality. An estimated 120 million are engaged in hazardous work. Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. Because of this it is informative to study child labour specifically when it is coupled with absence from school. Child labour statistics. Child labour has been shown to increase adult unemployment and depress national wages. License: All of Our World in Data is completely open access and all work is licensed under the Creative Commons BY license. The steepest part of the pictured curves are in the range 20-45 hours, suggesting—as one would naturally expect—that it is most difficult for a child to attend school when approaching full-time work. A complete and up-to-date overview of recent global trends in child labour can be found in the ILO’s report Marking Progress Against Child Labour (2013)4 produced by the organization’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC). CHILD LABOUR SURVEY 1997. It is deplorable that stories like this are all too common among the most poverty-stricken portions of the world.. In the next section we explore these series in more detail and discuss recent developments. 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