George. [277] In 2010, the Northern Adriatic seaports of Trieste, Venice, Ravenna, Koper and Rijeka founded the North Adriatic Ports Association to position themselves more favourably in the EU's transport systems. The bora is significantly conditioned by wind gaps in the Dinaric Alps bringing cold and dry continental air; it reaches peak speeds in the areas of Trieste, Senj, and Split, with gusts of up to 180 kilometres per hour (97 kn; 110 mph). Have you ever wondered why the sea has such fathomless power over us? [204] The campaign reached its climax in the 1811 Battle of Lissa,[citation needed] and ended with British and Austrian troops seizing the coastal cities on the eastern Adriatic coast from the French. The thermal springwater is rich with hydrogen sulfide, has a temperature of 22 to 29.6 °C (71.6 to 85.3 °F), and has enabled the development of specific ecosystems. [179] The end of the period brought about the Holy Roman Empire's control over the Kingdom of Italy (which would last until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648),[180] the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Croatia and the Byzantine Empire's return to the southern Apennine peninsula. [54] The Adriatic's salinity variation over the year is likewise distinct:[51] it ranges between 38 and 39 PSUs. [256], In 2007, Croatia's production in live weight reached 53,083 tonnes (52,245 long tons). [187] In 1202, the Fourth Crusade was diverted to conquer Zadar at the behest of the Venetians—the first instance of a Crusader force attacking a Catholic city—before proceeding to sack Constantinople. Adriatic Sea is the most wonderful sea in the world. You might just end up sharing my views. [248], The countries bordering the Adriatic Sea are significant tourist destinations. [25] The islands along the Adriatic's western (Italian) coast are smaller and less numerous than those along the opposite coast; the best-known ones are the 117 islands on which the city of Venice is built. [88] Since then, the Po delta has been prograding (expanding/extending). If this movement continues, the seafloor will be completely consumed and the Adriatic Sea closed off in 50–70 million years. [110] There are 45 known subspecies endemic to the Adriatic's coasts and islands. Mediterranean Sea, an intercontinental sea that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to Asia on the east and separates Europe from Africa. [290], In the 2000s, investigation works aimed at discovering gas and oil reserves in the Middle and Southern Adriatic basins intensified, and by the decade's end, oil and natural gas reserves were discovered southeast of the Bari, Brindisi—Rovesti and Giove oil discoveries. [169] Brundisium and Dyrrachium remained important ports well after the Roman period, but an earthquake in the 3rd century AD changed the path of a river causing Apollonia's harbor to silt up, and the city to decline. The 170-metre (560 ft) deep Pa… The cisleithanian (Austrian) part of Austria-Hungary spanned from the Austrian Littoral to the Bay of Kotor, with the exception of the Croatian Littoral mainland. Strait of Otranto separating Adriatic Sea from Ionian sea Hydrology Political map of surrounding area Deep-sea currents Geological history . 1) During the 1975–76 preliminary prospecting period AGIP shot approximately 6,000 km of seismic lines. The climate in the Adriatic features mild, rainy winters and hot dry summers in typical Mediterranean fashion. The Croatian tourist facilities are further augmented by 21,000 nautical ports and moorings; nautical tourists are attracted to various types of marine protected areas. This circulation has significantly contributed to the biodiversity of the countries along the eastern Adriatic coast; the common bottlenose dolphin is frequent in the eastern coast's waters only, and the Croatian coast provides refuge for the critically endangered monk seal and sea turtles. [33] The coastal currents on the opposite shore are far more complex owing to the jagged shoreline, several large islands and the proximity of the Dinaric Alps to the shore. Adriatic populations with those inhabiting the Ionian margin (Santa Maria di Leuca coral province). Adriatic Sea. This dispute was exacerbated by the peninsula's occupation by the Yugoslav People's Army and later by the (Serbian–Montenegrin) FR Yugoslav Army, which in turn was replaced by a United Nations observer mission that lasted until 2002. [218] The 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye did transfer the Austrian Littoral and Istria to Italy, but awarded Dalmatia to Yugoslavia. [236] Following Croatian EU membership, the Adriatic became an internal sea of the EU. [200] The Venetian territory was then handed over to Austria and briefly ruled as part of the Archduchy of Austria. The western part in turn is subdivided into three principal submarine basins. At the same time, Slovenian fisheries produced a total of 2,500 tonnes (2,460 long tons) with 55% of the production volume originating in aquaculture, representing the highest ratio in the Adriatic. Stefan, Montenegro. The marine protected area covers 48 square kilometres (19 sq mi). Mare Adriaticum generally corresponds to the Adriatic Sea's extent, spanning from the Gulf of Venice to the Strait of Otranto. Visit Dalmatia - A Heaven For Sea Lovers! Among other possible adverse effects, this can be expected to lower the lagoon's oxygen levels and trap pollution inside of the city. Oil spills are a major concern in terms of potential environmental impact and damage to tourism and fisheries. The sea has an area of some 215,000 square kilometres. Tara Canyon. [14][15] In 2016, Slovenia adopted a new elevation benchmark referring to the upgraded tide gauge station in the coastal town of Koper. Before the breakup of Yugoslavia, Albania, Italy and Yugoslavia initially proclaimed 15-nautical-mile (28 km; 17 mi) territorial waters, subsequently reduced to international-standard 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) and all sides adopted baseline systems (mostly in the 1970s). Though considered by ancient authors to be part of the Adriatic Sea, the Ionian Sea is now seen as a separate body of water. The sea has a maximum depth of 4,900 m (16,000 ft.) print this map other bodies of water. The intermediate layer is infused with warm and saline water coming from the eastern Mediterranean and is characterized by temperature and salinity maxima at 1,300 feet (400 metres). [79] In the last 600 years, fifteen tsunamis have occurred in the Adriatic Sea. The Adriatic sea is a relatively warm one. Calypso Deep, the deepest point in the Mediterranean at 5,267 m (17,280 ft), is in the Ionian Sea, at The sea is one of the most ... Ionius was a son of Adrias (eponymic for the Adriatic Sea); according to another, Ionius was a son of Dyrrhachus. [183], The High Middle Ages in the Adriatic Sea basin saw further territorial changes, including the Norman conquest of southern Italy ending the Byzantine presence on the Apennine peninsula in the 11th and 12th centuries (the territory would become the Kingdom of Naples in 1282)[184][185] and the control of a substantial part of the eastern Adriatic coast by the Kingdom of Hungary after a personal union was established between Croatia and Hungary in 1102. The Bay was … Croatia borders the Adriatic Sea. As a result, massive cruise ships are a regular sight in the Bay of Kotor. … [167] During Caesar's Civil War, there was a three-month delay in Caesar's Balkan campaign against Pompey caused when winter storms on the Adriatic and a naval blockade held up Mark Antony from reaching him from Brundisium with reinforcements; after the reinforcements finally arrived Caesar made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Dyrrachium before the campaign moved inland. [72] An unbroken zone of increased seismic activity borders the Adriatic Sea, with a belt of thrust faults generally oriented in the northeast–southwest direction on the east coast and the northeast–southwest normal faults in the Apennines, indicating an Adriatic counterclockwise rotation. During the reign of Augustus it became a major naval base as part of his program to re-organize the Roman navy to better protect commerce in the Mediterranean. [55][56] The air temperature can fluctuate by about 20 °C (36 °F) during a season. There is one solution, however, that both Italian fishermen and scientists agree on. [10], The Adriatic Sea drainage basin encompasses 235,000 square kilometres (91,000 sq mi), yielding a land–sea ratio of 1.8. Adriatic sea. Later that year, the Kingdom of Serbia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes—subsequently renamed Yugoslavia. In the southern part of the Adriatic there lies a trench, with the deepest point 1 233 metres deep. The park covers 69 kilometres (43 mi) of coastline, 22.95 square kilometres (8.86 sq mi) of land and 44.55 square kilometres (17.20 sq mi) of sea. [278][279], The port of Trieste is of particular importance for Central Europe, because this is where the Transalpine Pipeline begins, supplying 100 percent of southern Germany, 90 percent of Austria and 50 percent of the Czech Republic with crude oil. multichannel seismic profiles, CHIRP and morpho-bathymetry data collected in 2009 and 2014 by OGS reveal that several the gas-enriched fluid vents are deeply rooted. The Adriatic Sea has a very marked annual change of the surface temperature. Also known as Jadransko in Croatian, the Adriatic Sea was named after an ancient port, Adria, in what is now Northern Italy. In total, more than 3.5 million people live on the Adriatic coasts. The islands provide beautiful sailing and snorkeling opportunities, as well as hiking locations for travelers to enjoy. It is extraordinarily deep with depths that range from 20 metres to 60 metres. Some of the key attractions for holiday-goers seeking to sail the Adriatic Sea are the many islands along the Dalmatian coast. The marine environment encompasses three-quarters of the total area, while the island shores' combined length equals 238 kilometres (148 mi). [112] The Brijuni national park encompasses the 743.3-hectare (1,837-acre) archipelago itself and 2,651.7 hectares (6,552 acres) of surrounding sea;[119] it became a national park in 1999. [201] These were created in 1809 through the Treaty of Schönbrunn; they represented the end of Venetian rule on the eastern Adriatic coast, as well as the end of the Republic of Ragusa. The sea is abundant in flora and fauna—more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic, many of them endemic, rare and threatened ones. It is positioned between the eastern coastline of Italy and the coastline of countries of the Balkan Peninsula (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania). [233][234], Italy and Yugoslavia defined their Adriatic continental shelf delimitation in 1968,[235] with an additional agreement signed in 1975 on the Gulf of Trieste boundary, following the Treaty of Osimo. [80], All types of seafloor sediments are found in the Adriatic Sea. The sinking of Venice slowed after artesian wells were banned in the 1960s, but the city remains threatened by the acqua alta floods. [114] The Torre del Cerrano protected area was created in 2009, extending 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) into the sea and along 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of coastline. The Croatia–Montenegro maritime boundary is disputed in the Bay of Kotor, at the Prevlaka peninsula. All successor states of former Yugoslavia accepted the agreements. [173], In the Early Middle Ages, after the Roman Empire's decline, the Adriatic's coasts were ruled by Ostrogoths, Lombards and the Byzantine Empire. Coastline of Neum, Bosnia and Hercegovina Sv. The largest passenger ports in the Adriatic are the Port of Split (the largest Croatian passenger port) and ports in Ancona (the largest Italian passenger seaport in the Adriatic). The Otranto Sill, an underwater ridge, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. Both countries also declared their economic zones, which partially overlap. [162] However, resistance to Roman rule continued sporadically and Rome did not completely consolidate control of the region until Augustus's general Tiberius put down the Great Illyrian Revolt, a bitter struggle waged from 6 to 9 AD. Geophysical data with different scale of resolution, i.e. The causes are a decrease in sedimentation rate due to loss of sediment behind dams, the deliberate excavation of sand for industrial purposes, agricultural use of water, and removal of ground water.[64][65]. [12][13] In the late 19th century, Austria-Hungary established a geodetic network with an elevation benchmark using the average Adriatic Sea level at the Sartorio pier in Trieste, Italy. The boundary agreed in 1968 extends 353 nautical miles (654 km; 406 mi) and consists of 43 points connected by straight lines or circular arc segments. The North Adriatic basin, extending between Venice and Trieste towards a line connecting Ancona and Zadar, is only 15 metres (49 ft) deep at its northwestern end; it gradually deepens towards the southeast. Such tides can exceed normal levels by more than 140 centimetres (55 in),[35] with the highest tide level of 194 centimetres (76 in) observed on 4 November 1966. The Greeks soon expanded further north establishing several cities, including Epidaurus, Black Corcyra, Issa and Ancona, with trade established as far north as the Po River delta, where the emporion (trading station) of Adria was founded. [248] In 2000, the nominal—on a live weight basis—total landings of all Adriatic fisheries reached 110,000 tonnes (108,000 long tons). Various zones of the protected area cover 37 square kilometres (14 sq mi) of sea surface. [52][53] The Southern Adriatic is about 8 to 10 °C (14 to 18 °F) warmer during the winter than the more northerly regions. The Adriatic Sea is also home to several of Croatia's protected national parks. lagoons, coralligenous concretions, canyons, submarine landslides, seamounts, fossil and alive deep-sea corals) considered of of natural and international interest. [40][41][42], It is estimated that the Adriatic's entire volume is exchanged through the Strait of Otranto in 3.4±0.4 years, a comparatively short period. Sediments deposited in the Adriatic Sea today generally come from the northwest coast, being carried by the Po, Reno, Adige, Brenta, Tagliamento, Piave and Soča rivers. In Italy, these are Miramare in the Gulf of Trieste (in the Northern Adriatic), Torre del Cerrano and Isole Tremiti in the Middle Adriatic basin and Torre Guaceto in southern Apulia. It has a role in dense water formation for the eastern Mediterranean deep circulation cell, and it represents an entry point for water masses originating from the Ionian Sea. [111], The biodiversity of the Adriatic is relatively high, and several marine protected areas have been established by countries along its coasts. The former disintegrated during the 1990s, resulting in four new states on the Adriatic coast. [99] Recent studies revealed that cetaceans and other marine megafaunas, that were once thought to be vagrants to Adriatic Sea, migrate and live in the semi-closed sea on larger scales. [191] The 15th and the 16th centuries brought about the Byzantine Empire's destruction in 1453 and the Ottoman Empire's expansion that reached Adriatic shores in present-day Albania and Montenegro as well as the immediate hinterland of the Dalmatian coast,[192][193] defeating the Hungarian and Croatian armies at Krbava in 1493 and Mohács in 1526. The area encompasses 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) of coastline near the Miramare promontory in the Gulf of Trieste. [31], The coastal water dynamics are determined by the asymmetric coasts and the inflow of the Mediterranean seawater through the Straits of Otranto and further on along the eastern coast. Salinity of the Adriatic sea is 38‰ which is again higher than the world average. [90] There are more than 20 other rivers flowing into the Adriatic Sea in Italy alone, also forming alluvial coastlines,[91] including the lagoons of Venice, Grado and Caorle. [69] [112] In addition, there is a Ramsar wetland reserve in Croatia—the Neretva river's delta. [211] The Ottoman Empire lost all territories along the Adriatic following the First Balkan War and consequent 1913 Treaty of London that established an independent Albania. [126][128] It includes a 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long cliff, the northernmost Mediterranean salt field and the only Slovenian lagoon system. [89] In the 12th century, the delta advanced at a rate of 25 metres (82 ft) per year. Through that process, the Adriatic Sea produces most of the East Mediterranean deep water. These are particularly due to or dependent upon the karst morphology of the coastal or submarine topography; this includes inhabiting subterranean habitats, karst rivers, and areas around freshwater springs. [76] Earthquakes have been observed in the region since the earliest historical records. ", "Facing Water Challenges in the Po River Basin, Italy: A WWDR3 Case Study", "Technology: Venetians put barrage to the test against the Adriatic", "Venice's 1,500-year battle with the waves", "Venice's MOSE flood barriers rise for the first time", "Submerged Karst – Dead or Alive? Examples from the eastern Adriatic Coast (Croatia)", "New Fault Found in Europe; May "Close Up" Adriatic Sea", "Surface and subsurface karst geomorphology in the Murge (Apulia, Southern Italy)", "Zavarovano območje narave: Krajinski park Strunjan / Area prottetta: Parco naturale di Strugnano", "Geological processes in the Anthropocene: the Po River Delta", "Ecological indicators of estuarine features on hard substrata in the large North Adriatic lagoons", "Rapid assessment of the Ecological Value of the Bojana-Buna Delta", "The Neretva Delta: Green Pearl of Coastal Croatia", Status and Conservation of Cetaceans in the Adriatic Sea, "Fin whales in the Adriatic - Tethys Research Institute", "Incontro ravvicinato nel Mar Adriatico con uno squalo di 8 metri", "On the presence of basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)in the Mediterranean Sea", "Jadransko more je puno morskih pasa, kitova, kornjača i dupina", Ancient whale exploitation in the Mediterranean: species matters, "Fourth national report of the Republic of Croatia to the Convention on Biological Diversity", "The potential of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Mediterranean Sea – Case study report: The Adriatic Sea", "Marine protected areas in Slovenia: How far are we from the 2012/2020 target? The Brijuni islands feature numerous archaeological and cultural sites for history buffs to explore, while the Telašćica Bay is a nature park dedicated to preserving the local wildlife. [112][113] The Miramare protected area was established in 1986 and covers 30 hectares (74 acres) of coast and 90 hectares (220 acres) of sea. The rate of coastal zone progradation between 1000 BC and 1200 AD was 4 metres (13 ft) per year. [171] During the 4th century AD the emperors of the Western Roman Empire had moved their official residence north from Rome to Mediolanum (now Milan) in order to be better able to control the military frontier with the Germanic tribes. [294], Port of Durrës, the largest port in Albania, Port of Rijeka, the largest cargo port in Croatia, Port of Koper, the largest port in Slovenia, Port of Trieste, the largest cargo port in the Adriatic, Port of Bar, the largest seaport in Montenegro, "Adriatic" redirects here. 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