surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the; surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. All of the above a. positive feedback loops Absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases b. This loop results from Prevailing winds, which are winds that blow predominantly from a particular direction, flow across the ocean surface, pushing the. c. Troposphere An ocean gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces created by Earth's rotation. a. less; less b. Exosphere c. infiltration b. temperature differences in oceanic currents Country E At the ocean surface, currents are primarily driven by winds. c. cooler average summer temperatures c. seismic waves It is an eastward-flowing current driven by the dominant western winds at this latitude. Which of the following is the best explanation for this difference? b. all species of poison arrow frogs have vivid coloration with black markings Organisms move from one layer to another, and plant and animal remains containing nutrients "rain" down, but the layers stay fairly separate in all but a few places. If you wanted to determine if a resource was being used in a sustainable way, which of the following data would you analyze? b. an epicenter c. Build levees or flood walls along coastline and streams The difference between the demand for the resource and the availability of the resource. a. actin a. nutrient levels, atmospheric circulation, etc.) This heat is then transported by currents and re-radiated, influencing regional air temperatures and climates all over the globe. d. warm temperatures, acid precipitation, and occasional wildfires Also known as thermohaline circulation, the . c. adaptive radiation e. sediments, The phenomenon causing global warming occurs primarily in this region of the atmosphere Scientists do not completely understand the thermohaline flow of water, but they are monitoring the melting sea and land ice into the North Atlantic Ocean; an influx of freshwater causes a disruption to the deep ocean circulation. b. deserts Carbon dioxide c. Most ocean current waters move below the pycnocline (the layer of rapidly changing density). The numerical experiments are divided into two parts: One . e. wind blowing at the beach, The beneficial ozone layer is in this region of the atmosphere For example, the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean brings heat from near the equator to Europe, making it much warmer than other areas at similar latitudes. Increase in NOx in a traffic-clogged city d. Troposphere e. Toxic sediments in the delta of a major river, Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy? C High Low While this model does not depict the ocean circulation patterns that results from atmospheric wind and density differences in water masses, it summarizes the key concepts involved in explaining this process. b. detritivore surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. e. scrubland -> chaparral -> coniferous forest -> tundra, All of the following are true with respect to pollutants EXCEPT d. greater; less Marine debris is litter that ends up in oceans, seas, and other large bodies of water.. Giving government subsidies for flood plain development Fungi secreting enzymes into a fallen tree are able to cycle the nutrients from the tree back to the soil. The movement of air masses brings us our daily weather, and long-term patterns in circulation determine regional climate and ecosystems. They also affect the routes taken by ships as they carry goods and people across the sea. -2 & -3 \\ This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of, An increase in both mean annual temperatures and mean annual precipitation. Ocean waters are constantly on the move. a. transpiration Density differences are the key to why ocean waters move. d. estivate as needed Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the distribution of heat from tropical to temperate and polar regions major anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution include natural fertilizers, vehicle exhaust, industrial air pollution and Since the center of the Earth gets more sunlight, it is. But a new modeling study fingers another culprit: the oceans own tendency to warm from top to bottom, leading to constricted surface layers where water flows faster, like blood in clogged arteries. d. grassland The new finding, he adds, might not be the total story.. We, therefore, investigated spatial and temporal variations in oceanographic conditions and their biological effects on the continental shelf . e. Carbon is concentrated in igneous rocks, A species that a generalist faces _____ competition for resources and has _____ ability to adapt to environmental changes than does a specialist. a. use of herbicides and pesticides by industrial agriculture in California These surface currents do not depend on weather; they remain unchanged even in large storms because they depend on factors that do not change. However, the building energy mitigation measures reduce the mean to 31 C and 31.8 C with a reduction potential of 2.3 C and 1.5 C for 2050 and 2100, respectively. Atmospheric circulation transports heat over the surface of the Earth that affects the water cycle, including the formation of clouds and precipitation events. If you assume the total transport cant change, your stuff is going to accelerate, Xie says. We usually assume that if you uniformly warm the ocean, there will be no major impact on ocean circulation. Accounting for the top-down nature of ocean warming changes that picture, she adds. e. They create nuisances within in an environment, Which of the following non-point source pollution types is most likely to cause cultural eutrophication in lake ecosystems? The water in the North Atlantic sinks because it is cold and salty. d. carnivore How much is the capacitance of a capacitor that draws 2mA2\text{ mA}2mA of current from a 10-Vac10\text{-Vac}10-Vac generator whose frequency is 3.183kHz3.183\text{ kHz}3.183kHz? With our present atmosphere, Earth's mean surface temperature is approximately +15C. e. divergent, The water table is lowered and the normal interface between fresh and saline groundwater move inland d. forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change e. Thermosphere, Convergent plate boundaries between two continental plates produce a. the location of the continents that ultimately determines the direction and flow of ocean currents Click the image on the left to open the Understanding Global Change Infographic. e. Use of treated municipal sewage water for irrigation, Plate tectonics is the process that can affect B Low High b. magma These waters make up the other 90% of the ocean. d. low, but the large expanse of oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton Low frequency variability in the tropical Atlantic is complex and hard to witness due to the weakness of this signal compared to the dominant seasonal one. e. Country D, Exotic species damage ecosystems because they a. carbon dioxide, water, and energy Cold winds blowing over the oceans chill the waters beneath them. Change 5, 475-480 . This could cause Europe to have a colder climate. b. economics is an important facilitator of sustainable societies Unpublished measurements of the speed of Argo floats, a fleet of robotic instruments that have been drifting through the ocean for nearly 20 years, show a significant acceleration in surface currentsand a modest increase at lower depths. Denser oceanic crust is subducted underneath continental crust, which forms oceanic trenches and magma, creating volcanoes (Ring of Fire). a. e. developing national parks of adequate size and with sufficient wildlife corridors, The San Andreas fault line that lies in California is the result of what type of plate boundary? e. Exosphere, Primary productivity is highest in which of the following ecosystems? The circulation of the ocean is a key factor in air temperature distribution. 4 & 7 When Shang-Ping Xie, a climate scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, saw Hus study, he immediately suspected that the structure of the oceannot windsplayed a leading role in the speedup. b. rainforest -> coniferous forest -> desert All this heating and cooling and melting and thawing creates a layered ocean: warmer fresher water on top, cold salty water at the bottom. d. water in a reservoir e. Methane, A modern day example of the "tragedy of the commons" would be Which of the following muscle proteins is not intracellular? Surface currents involve large masses of water moving horizontally on the surface. c. heat energy Less saline water is found where there is more precipitation or river input. Warm surface currents invariably flow from the tropics to the higher latitudes, driven mainly by atmospheric winds, as well as the earth's rotation. b. global warming from human use of fossil fuels b. runoff from farm land d. size of the population . a. sediments And, despite the fact that the ocean absorbs more than 90% of the heat caused by global warming, until 2020, there had been little evidence that these currents were changing. Soil E d. plate boundaries d. loam That was by far the largest increase, they found in a new study published today in Science Advances. Currents, like winds in the atmosphere, do not move in straight lines because of the spin of the Earth, which causes the Coriolis effect. c. decomposer Can the alcohol (CH3)3COH\left(\mathrm{CH}_3\right)_3 \mathrm{COH}(CH3)3COH be formed by the reduction of an aldehyde or ketone? I trust what the observations tell us, Hu says. d. a kingsnake has coloration similar to the dangerous coral snake F=[1437],G=[2015],F=\left[\begin{array}{rr} c. be clear with low levels of dissolved oxygen Between 30 o and 60 o lie the Ferrel Cells , composed of sinking air at 30 o and rising air at 60 o (Figure 8.2.3). Which latitude shown on the diagram below experiences 24 hours of daylight on December 21? d. developing wilderness areas that will be able to sustain themselves for the long term A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other. Surface currents form gyres roughly centered in each ocean basin. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio, Earth, Environmental, Ecological, and Space Sciences. c. scavenger b. efforts are being made to manage and protect island biodiversity b. The percent increase in carbon dioxide over this period of time is closest to: which of the following gases is the greatest overall contributor to the greenhouse effect? e. the law of conservation of matter, Open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass because the net primary productivity (NPP) of the oceans is Deep below the surface, there are currents that are controlled by water density, which depends on the temperature and salinity of the water. e. weathering and erosion, "Edge effects" are a particular problem when b. decomposer Get more great content like this delivered right to you! Is the following assignment statement valid or invalid? All rights reserved. Other (more local) causes are the lunar tides and river/ice-melt flow from the land. Which of the following would NOT increase biological oxygen demand (BOD)? e. ecosystem services, Humus is He knew the excess warmth from climate change is not distributed evenly through the ocean but is instead concentrated at its surface. d. the frequency of volcanic eruptions coming from tsunami events For example, the shallow, speedy currents could ultimately limit how much heat the ocean can absorb, causing more of that excess heat to remain in the atmosphere. a. heat and pressure Which of the following must be true? c. amount of precipitation d. water b. c. Asbestos What role do the hyenas play in this ecosystem? d. engage in mutualistic relationships with native species Which best illustrates point-source pollution? 2 Ocean Currents. Ocean circulation is such an important process in the Earth system because currents transport heat, oxygen, nutrients, and living organisms. c. lipids Sites away from the coast lack this temperature buffering and have extreme "continental" climates (like Wichita). As the winds blow above the ocean surface, the upper . The environmental impact of a population on a given area depends on, Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest? Underwater currents mix the ocean 's waters on a global scale. Surface winds, waves, and currents mix and distribute the heat throughout this layer therefore the depth of the mixed layer can change with the seasons. d. They disrupt life-support systems for living organisms Ocean water moves in predictable ways along the ocean surface. Alternatively, explore the Understanding Global Change Infographic and find new topics that are of interest and/or locally relevant to you. b. The globally averaged ocean . a. e. nitrous oxide, A large boulder rolling down a hill is an example of In oceanography, a gyre (/ d ar /) is any large system of circulating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. e. suppressed thermocline in the Pacific Ocean, All of the following are examples of non-point source water pollution EXCEPT e. Matter quality increases when energy changes from one form to another, "The Fall of the House of Usher" comprehensio, Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and Applications, Mary Ann Cunningham, William P Cunningham. d. It changes the distribution patterns of pelagic marine species ocean circulation. d. convergent F=[1347],G=[2105], find each of the following, if it exists.\. Dust blowing off unpaved roads This is an interesting study with a provocative finding, says Sarah Gille, a physical oceanographer at Scripps. Being both cold AND salty makes it really dense, so it can sink very far. b. myosin Country A e. Carbon Monoxide, Which type of soil has the greatest porosity? This results in a fault (crack/fracture), which can cause earthquakes when the energy is built up and suddenly released. In this way, heated water raises the normal level of the sea surface. 1. a. methane Viewed from above, currents in these subtropical gyres flow in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. d. sedimentary In fact, the North Atlantic Ocean tends to be the saltiest, much more than the Pacific. Phone: (803)536-3333 30 yard dumpster dimensions. b. Instead, they currents are deflected because of the Coriolis force, which is due to the Earth's rotation. d. It is found in both alpine and arctic tundra d. decomposer The researchers increased either winds, saltiness, or surface temperatures, while holding all other variables steady. d. Temperate forest receives the most consistent rainfall throughout all seasons, of the three forests 1. e. Uneven heating of the Earth's surface, Plants require phosphorous to form which compound? However, the seasonal dynamics of ocean circulation are poorly understood in the ice-covered continental shelves due to difficulties in conducting observations. c. is an indirect form of solar energy Tracking Monthly Salinity Changes in Our Ocean, Data Collections: Earth System Data Explorer, Locating Data & Imagery for Student Investigations, Opening Datasets from MND Data Visualization Tool in Excel, Guide to Using NASA Worldview in the Classroom, Using NASA Earth Observations (NEO) in 10 Easy Steps, Instructional Strategies for the Earth Science Classroom. c. melting b. Which of the following is the best explanation for this difference? b. e. The average temperature for tropical rainforest is constant throughout the year, The sinking of land due to the overpumping of ground water supplies TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason provide a new tool to enlighten these topics by offering more than 10 years of continuous altimetric series. Nature Clim. which best describe chlorofluorocarbons (cfcs), volcanic eruptions release them into the atmosphere , they were targeted for banning in 1987 as a part of the Montreal Protocol, which of the following best describes the mechanism of the greenhouse effect in the earth's atmosphere, infrared radiation from the earth's surface is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, which of the following greenhouse gases does not exist naturally, increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the troposphere will reduce heat radiated back to space in the form of, which of the following energy sources is a chief contributor to greenhouse gas emissions as well as increasing environmental mobility of mercury, which of the following molecules is not considered a greenhouse gas, which best describe the impact of atmospheric carbon dioxide and stratospheric aerosols, both carbon dioxide and aerosols contribute to global warming, Anthropogenic water vapor does not contribute significantly to global warming because, water vapor has a short residence time in the atmosphere, Terrestial biomes vary in net primary productivity due to, the suns radiation provides the energy for, plant growth, ocean currents, hurricanes, and plate tectonics, phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because, sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water. a. However, it is an important job considering that these waters affect Earths climate, as well as habitats for plants and animals, even on land. d. hydrologic cycle 2. Surface ocean currents are strongly influenced by the wind. Which of the following is the most likely cause of recent blooms of blue-green algae in Lake Erie? Carbon compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state The shallower surface layers created by this process have been seen across the worlds oceans. a. small size b. human exponential growth D High High c. Rotation of the Earth on its axis e. Carbon is concentrated in igneous rocks, Formed when pre-existing rock is exposed to high heat and pressures e. The prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific weaken and change directions, All of the following are associated with an El Nino event EXCEPT This study applied eigenvector-based time-decomposition and spatial-decomposition techniques to examine mechanisms through which the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) sea surface temperature (SST) pattern can influence the patterns of summer rainfall over southern Africa. a. renewable resource Hover over the icons for brief explanations; click on the icons to learn more about each topic. a. The ocean conveyor belt circulates ocean water around the entire planet. c. metamorphic Ocean currents that have a northward or southward component, such as the warm Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic or the cold Peru (Humboldt) Current off South America, effectively exchange heat between low and high latitudes. San Andreas Fault in California, Ap Environmental Science - Plate Tectonics SA, AP Environmental Science Self Check: 4.6-4.9. What this means is that the density stays constant since the distance between the molecules remains unchanged. So for simplicity's sake, no, it isn't. a. Australia and New Zealand Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream . e. grazing sheep in a private park, Which soil indicated on the soil triangle above would most likely have the highest water-holding capacity? ocean currents flow at the surface; others flow deep within water.. The great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common? The mean daily maximum temperatures are 31.2 C, 32.3 C, and 33.3 C, respectively, for historic, mid-century, and end-of-century periods. Air is a relatively poor thermal conductor (which means it is a good insulator), so conduction represents only a small part of the energy transfer between the Earth and the atmosphere; equal to about 7% of the incoming solar energy. a. producer b. nutrients in soil These initial steps would include which of the following? Hover over the icons for brief explanations; click on the icons to learn more about each topic. In other words, salty water has more materials in the water than freshwater which makes it more dense than freshwater. To learn more about teaching ocean circulation, visit the Teaching Resources page. The ocean covers 71% of Earths surface and is constantly in motion. d. D d. The rate at which the resource was being recycled. Global warming is speeding up ocean currents. c. Brazil and Indonesia Why are decomposers important to ecosystems? Differences in temperature and salt content of the water cause some areas of water to sink and some areas of water to rise. c. coral reefs a. kinetic energy How does the sedimentary rock shale turn into slate? a. are specialists that die out fairly easily d. Seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation a. oceanic trenches c. Sulfur and nitrogen cycles b. Dont yet have access? a. engage in mutualistic relationships with native species Seen from space, the circulating waters offer a study in both chaos and order. Convergent continental plates form mountain ranges. a. the number of trophic levels of ecosystems near plate boundaries e. Divergent, The "lesson" of Easter Island was that Thermohaline circulation occurs because winds move warm surface waters from the equator towards the poles, where the water cools and increases in density. Temperature is another factor that affects density. b. proteins