People naturally create mental categories. D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. In our soccer example, one set of children will focus on their own desire to play without really regarding the similar desire of the other class as equal and legitimate. Returning to an example from earlier, the homeowner high in SDO may dislike the outgroup member moving into her neighborhood because it threatens ones economic resources (e.g. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. Hanna overcriticizes him for minor errors. June 7, 2022 1 Views. This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. (c) How does the optimal expenditure on the xxx good vary with ppp ? People are often biased against others outside of their own social group, showing prejudice (emotional bias), stereotypes (cognitive bias), and discrimination (behavioral bias). a. human aggression is an unlearned instinct. a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. 29 terms. Where slavery was practiced, prejudice ran strong. For example, a person might not have ever been to a Hindu wedding, but their experience of weddings as a general category can help them know what to expect and how to behave. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. This is not to suggest that actual older people are not competent, of course, but that they are not widely admired for their accumulated wisdom. ethnocentrism . B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias, the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get, physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone, the principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression, the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined, a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it, revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, unselfish regard for the welfare of others, the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present, the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them, an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them, a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas, a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior, mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive, shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductiona strategy designed to decrease international tensions. b. A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. The principle that frustrationthe blocking of an attempt to achieve some goalcreates anger, which can generate aggression. This finding is consistent with the theory that some countries, like the U.S., emphasize an individualistic self-concept. According to these jurors, this case is best explained in terms of the: The tendency to favor one's own group, the group with whom we share a common identity, is called: Kelly is a Republican and Carlos is a Democrat. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. In the 21st century, however, with social group categories even more complex, biases may be transforming. Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others is a false statement. . Research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and Mark Zanna (1994) suggests: Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight. This comment is an example of: Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of his or her general disposition, but describing the same behavior by an outgroup member as a specific, isolated act reflects: Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson, iGCSE PE 10.1 Leisure and Recreation / The Gr. d. the fundamental attribution error. 2022. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as church membership, then the more religious people have ________. the tendency to favor our own group. Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. a. 1. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of, In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. For instance, Margaret might not be typical (or stereotypical) of an 80-year-old in that she regularly competes in organized half-marathons. Just that morning, a court officer had confiscated a juror's copy of The New York Post with the case on the cover. What roles do the evoked set, inert set, and inept set take part in a consumer's information search? Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. Unit 23. Nosotros _____ (ir) a la playa. One aggression-replacement program has brought down re-arrest rates of juvenile offenders by: D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate. A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. own: [verb] to have or hold as property : possess. Yosef, who is of Jewish origin, joins her unit as a trainee. This reaction is best explained in terms of. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. Early. It pays the utility bill during July. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. The test itself is rather simple (and you can experience it yourselfhere). This phenomenon is known as ________. b. egocentrism.c. (1974). c. social facilitation. 3. View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. Discrimination and the implicit association test. This reaction is best explained in terms of: After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small request. For example, someone high in SDO would likely be upset if someone from an outgroup moved into her neighborhood. Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. The tendency to favor ones own cultural group over other groups is known as A) elitism. Three pathways by which self-concept can shape how we communicate are self-esteem, self-monitoring, and Multiple Choice self-serving bias. It turns out, however, that peoples reaction time on the IAT predicts actual feelings about out-group members, decisions about them, and behavior towardthem, especially nonverbal behavior (Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, & Banaji, 2009). Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. D) Relating to several _____ is the tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to other people. Blatant biases (also called explicit biases) are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, which express hostility toward other groups (outgroups) while unduly favoring ones own group (in-group). We study in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination in a multiplayer dictator game in a naturally occuring group setting. "Them"those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. Peoples identities are multifaceted, intersecting across gender, race, class, age, region, and more. Although research has shown that people higher in SDO are more likely to be politically conservative, there are other traits that more strongly predict ones SDO. For example, the ingroup in most societies is the average citizen, seen as warm and competent. An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Social identity is a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership (s). C) a win-win solution. Devine and her colleagues (2005) note that automatic prejudices subside when ________. The groups are supporters of two rival political movements in Thailand and politically neutral subjects. This shows that: The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call: people's motivation to avoid prejudice is internal. View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. For example, if two classes of children want to play on the same soccer field, the classes will come to dislike . Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. "Oh, very good," Judge Matsumoto . The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. 2. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. 0 . Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. A) mirror-image perceptions. Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding).