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Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). A) managed care As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). 1. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. B) the cause of the problem. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Confusion. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. a. In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. They were ALL my fault. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Not able to pass stool or gas. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). As we grow older, we sleep less. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.).